Development of Hybrid Deterministic-Statistical Models for Irradiation Influenced Microstructural Evolution.

Ion irradiation holds promise as a cost-effective approach to developing structured nano--porous and nano--fiberous semiconductors. Irradiation of certain semiconductors leads to the development of these structures, with exception of the much desired silicon. Hybrid deterministic-statistical models were developed to better understand the dominating mechanisms during structuring. This dissertation focuses on the application of hybrid models to two different radiation damage behavior: (1) precipitate evolution in a binary two-phase system and (2) void nucleation induced nano--porous structuring. Phenomenological equations defining the deterministic behavior were formulated by considering the expected kinetic and phenomenological behavior. The statistical component of the models is based on the Potts Monte Carlo (PMC) method. It has been demonstrated that hybrid models efficiently simulate microstructural evolution, while retaining the correct kinetics and physics. The main achievement was the development of computational methods to simulate radiation induced microstructural evolution and highlight which processes and materials properties could be essential for nano--structuring. Radiation influenced precipitate evolution was modeled by coupling a set of non-linear partial differential equations to the PMC model. The simulations considered the effects of dose rate and interfacial energy. Precipitate growth becomes retarded with increased damage due to diffusion of the radiation defects countering capillarity driven precipitate growth. The effects of grain boundaries (GB) as sinks was studied by simulating precipitate growth in an irradiated bi-crystalline matrix. Qualitative comparison to experimental results suggest that precipitate coverage of the GB is due to kinetic considerations and increased interfacial energy effects. Void nucleation induced nano--porous/fiberous structuring was modeled by coupling rate theory equations, kinetic Monte Carlo swelling algorithm and the PMC model. Point defect (PD) diffusivities were parameterized to study their influence on nano--structuring. The model showed that PD kinetic considerations are able to describe the formation of nano--porous structures. As defects diffuse faster, void nucleation becomes limited due to the fast removal of the defects. It was shown that as the diffusivities' ratio diverges from unity, the microstructures become statistically similar and uniform. Consequently, the computational results suggest that nano--pore structuring require interstitials that are much faster than the slow diffusing vacancies, which accumulate and cluster into voids.PhDNuclear Engineering and Radiological SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111424/1/efrainhr_1.pd

Observatorio Geográfico: Salud y Riesgos en México

En el año 2017, a vísperas de su culminación se publica el presente libro, en donde se abordan algunos de los temas del observatorio geográfico, cuya base teórica se centra en la Geografía de la salud, que nunca fue tan amplia y diversa en su objetivo como lo es hoy en día, además es un área científica que ha ido prosperando ampliamente en los últimos años y cuyos resultados en la actualidad son cada vez más visibles. Además de ello, el estudio sobre la salud humana ofrece al analista del territorio la oportunidad de aportar conocimiento sobre la distribución espacial de enfermedades importantes que aquejan la sociedad, presentando directamente las desigualdades ante la muerte, la enfermedad y la salud, articulando hechos naturales y sociale

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Física 1-CE88-201700

El curso Física 1 es un curso general y es el primer curso que corresponde a la línea de Física para las carreras de ingeniería de carácter teórico¿práctico y se dicta en la modalidad semipresencial (blended).Está dirigido a estudiantes del cuarto ciclo que busca desarrollar las competencias generales de pensamiento crítico y razonamiento cuantitativo.El curso brinda el soporte de conceptos físicos que requiere el estudiante de ingeniería necesarios para las asignaturas posteriores propias de cada especialidad. El curso tiene por finalidad que el estudiante analice cuantifique magnitudes físicas desarrolle estrategias y habilidades básicas asociadas con el funcionamiento de sistemas mecánicos utilizando las leyes de la Física

Whose Florida Is It? Misconceptions of Florida Represented in Film

El beneficio de un estrecho acoplamiento entre la ciencia y la ingeniería es algo que en el mundo contemporáneo se evidencia en toda su plenitud. El tiempo que transcurrió entre el descubrimiento de las ondas electromagnéticas y la aplicación práctica a un aparato de radio fue cerca de 30 años mientras que la aplicación del mecanismo que opera en el transistor hacia la generación de un dispositivo tomó solo unos cuantos años. En consecuencia en nuestros días el crecimiento del desarrollo tecnológico es extremadamente rápido por lo que el ingeniero moderno debe estar consciente de que su campo de especialización habrá cambiado radicalmente en un periodo de 10 a 15 años. Eso significa que debe tener suficiente comprensión de los conceptos básicos que sustentan cualquiera de las áreas de ingeniería para que pueda adecuarse rápidamente a los nuevos procesos tecnológicos basados en un determinado conjunto de principios científicos.En tal sentido este curso presenta temas fundamentales del campo de la física como: la Mecánica de Newton el Movimiento Oscilatorio y las Ondas Mecánicas. Estos a la vez de servir de base para afrontar temas posteriores de la física como la electricidad el magnetismo y la física moderna también contribuirán en cimentar las bases científicas de los cursos de especialidad en ingeniería